Tree rings, ice cores, and chronicles reveal how volcanic eruptions in 536–547 AD triggered a “Late Antique Little Ice Age” that deepened Rome’s long crisis.
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Why 536 AD Might Be the Worst Year in History
In 536 AD, a mysterious fog dimmed the sun, crops failed, famine spread, and a deadly plague followed. Historians call it the worst year to be alive.
What If Europe Had Copied Steppe Horse Archers?
What if medieval Europe had adopted steppe-style mounted horse archers? Three grounded scenarios explore how warfare, states, and empires might have changed.
How Close Were Catholic and Orthodox Churches?
Were the Catholic and Orthodox churches ever really united in the Middle Ages after 1054? A clear look at origins, brief reunions, and why it kept failing.